Beginning of foreign exchange of acupuncture-moxibustion in New China: the whole story of the experts from the former Soviet Union studying acupuncture-moxibustion in China in 1956 / 中国针灸

Through checking the archives from China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACMS), the event that the experts from the former Soviet Union visiting China and learning acupuncture-moxibustion in 1956 was sorted out. In 1956, under the framework of

Idea and practice of ZHU Lian concerning acupuncture education / 中国针灸

ZHU Lian is a deceased famous acupuncture and Moxibustion specialist, the first director and the founder of institute of Acupuncture-Moxibustion of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. This article discusses the thought and idea of education and teaching of acupuncture-moxibustion from the following three aspects: diversified education and training mode, teaching idea of new acupuncture-moxibustion with a lot of characteristics, and the founding of professional acupuncture-moxibustion college. All above have both distinct characteristics of the times and positively enlightening significance of reality.

Zhu Lian's contribution to international communication of acupuncture-moxibustion / 中国针灸

ZHU Lian is the founder of international communication of acupuncture-moxibustion after establishment of New China. This article discussed ZHU Lian's great deal of pioneering work and historic contributions from the aspects of acupuncture-moxibustion treatments for foreign people, international training and communication, and the international influence of Xin Zhenjiu Xue. Our research showed that ZHU Lian's early work didn't only enlarge acupuncture's worldwide influence and spreading pace, especially in Soviet Union, India and Korea, but also accumulated precious experiences for each subject of Chinese medicine attending into international medical care and academic communication in the future.

ZHU Lian--the founder of Chinese acupuncture-moxibustion scientific research / 中国针灸

This article discussed ZHU Lian's contributions to acupuncture-moxibustion scientific research from three aspects: building the scientific thought of "new acupuncture-moxibustion", constructing the first domestic acupuncture-moxibustion institution and opening the door to modern acupuncture-moxibustion scientific research. ZHU Lian's visionary thought of "new acupuncture-moxibustion" has influenced the following researchers till now. She established the acupuncture-Moxibustion therapeutic institute affiliated to the Ministry of Health, set up the acupuncture-Moxibustion research platforms and teams and made research cooperation. She firstly carried out acupuncture-Moxibustion clinical and basic scientific research, which started the acupuncture-Moxi- bustion scientific research in China. ZHU Lian is the Pioneer of Chinese acupuncture-Moxibustion scientific research.

Zhu Lian's cognition on theory and method of acupuncture and moxibustion under background of western medicine / 中国针灸

With new acupuncture and moxibustion as the study object, based on the basic composition of acupuncture-moxibustion theory, from 3 aspects of meridian-acupoint theory, acupuncture-moxibustion method theory and acupuncture-moxibustion treatment theory, under the background of western medicine, ZHU Lian's different opinions on theory and method of acupuncture and moxibustion were discussed. It was believed by ZHU Lian that the distribution of 14-meridians was approximately identical to that of nerves, so with modern neuroanatomy knowledge to understand the meaning of acupoint; the acupuncture function could be explained from the angle of neurophysiology. Clinical diagnosis and treatment method could be established by modern classification methods of diseases. ZHU Lian's cognition that was different from traditional theory and method of acupuncture and moxibustion was combined with updated physiology and anatomy knowledge at that time, and was involved with Pavlov's advanced nerve theory, so she firstly put forward the opinion that acupuncture therapy can't work without the involvement of cerebral cortex.

Diagnostic accuracy research of needle puncture biopsy during operation for pulmonary single nodules / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of needle puncture biopsy and pathological examination of frozen during operation for pulmonary nodules, and whether this diagnostic method can replace tumor resection examination.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 50 patients (28 males and 22 females, average age was 59 years) who had the single nodule after imaging examination without any pathological diagnostic from January to October 2010 were selected in this research work. During open operation or video assisted thoracic surgery, needle (14 G model) was used to puncture biopsy for pathological examination of frozen. All the adverse events during puncture biopsy would be recorded. The resection specimens would be accepted paraffin pathological examination. The relationship between puncture frozen pathological and paraffin pathological examination was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All tumor sizes were ranged from 1.0 cm × 0.6 cm to 5.6 cm × 9.0 cm. The paraffin pathological examination after operation as the golden standard, there were 7 cases of benign tumor and 43 cases of malignant tumor. The diagnostic sensitivity of puncture biopsy was 90.7%, the specificity was 100%, the positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value was 63.6%. There were 11 cases of benign tumor diagnosed by needle puncture biopsy, among which 4 cases were proved as malignant tumor by paraffin pathology, and the false negative rate was 9.3%. The main risk of puncture biopsy was bleeding after puncture immediately, and the rate was 4.0% (2/50).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The puncture biopsy during operation had a high specificity for malignant lung tumor, and there was a certain false negative rate for benign tumor. Puncture biopsy and pathological examination of frozen tissue can replace tumor section biopsy in a way.</p>

The effects of oral rehydration on ischemia injury in gut in 40% blood volume loss in rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of oral rehydration with glucose electrolyte solution(GES) on intestinal ischemia injury in 40% blood volume loss in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>SD rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=24): oral rehydration without hemorrhage (GES), hemorrhage without oral rehydration (HS), hemorrhage resuscitated with oral GES(HS + GES). About 4% of total blood volume was bled from the right common carotid artery of rats to produce a model of hemorrhagic shock. GES, which volume was three times of blood loss was given to GES group and HS + GES group in 0.5 h, 1 h and 6 h by a gastric tube post bleeding. The intestinal blood flow(IBF) were measured by laser Doppler at 2 h, 4 h and 24 h post hemorrhage. Animals were sacrificed, and specimens of intestinal tissue was taken for evaluation of Na+ -K+ -ATPase, diamine oxidase (DAO) and the rate of tissue water content, and assessment of the intestinal pathological changes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The IBF and the activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase in HS+ GES group were dramatically higher than those in HS group (P < 0.05), and lower than those in GES group (P < 0.05). The water content of intestinal tissue in HS group were dramatically higher than those in GES group (P < 0.05), and lower than those at 2 h and 4 h, but dramatically higher than those at 24 h in HS + GES group. The activity of DAO at 24 h in HS+ GES group was higher than those in HS group (P < 0.05), and lower than those in GES group (P < 0.05). Less edema and hyperemia were found in HS + GES group than those in HS group at 24 h after bleeding.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is indicated that oral rehydration alleviate edema and ischemia injury in gut by increasing intestinal blood flow and the activity of Na+ -K+ -ATPase and DAO in the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock.</p>

Effects of electroacupuncture on hepatic blood flow and lipid peroxidation in septic rats / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the protection effects of electroacupuncture on injury of lipid peroxidation induced by liver ischemia in septic rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight male SD rats were subjected to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and were randomly divided into a Sham operation group (group A), a CLP model group (group B), a CLP model plus electroacupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST 36) group (group C), a CLP model plus electroacupuncture at the shame acupoint (group D), a vagotomy plus CLP model group (group E) and CLP model plus electroacupuncture group after vagotomy (group F), 8 rats in each group. CLP was performed in group E and group F after the abdominal vagotomy. Bilateral "Zusanli"(ST 36) points and the shame acupoint were electroacupunctured (2 mA, 2/100 Hz) for 1 hour in group C, group F and group D, respectively. The hepatic blood flow (HBF) was detected by a laser-Doppler flowmetry at 6 h after CLP. The plasma activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was also determined and specimens of liver were harvested for evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and assessment of the rate of water content.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The blood flow of the liver was (56.97 +/- 11.95) U in group C which was significantly lower than (80.12 +/- 19.57) U in group A but higher than (42.61 +/- 10.97) U in group B, (44.53 +/- 9.23) U in group D, (30.05 +/- 4.46) U in group E and (30.46 +/- 6.38) U in group F (all P < 0.05) 6 h after CLP. Meanwhile, the levels of MDA, XOD, ALT and the rates of water content in liver in group C were all significantly higher than those in group A, but lower than those in the other four groups (all P < 0.05). The levels of MDA, XOD, ALT and the rates of water content in liver in group E and group F were all significantly higher than those in group D (all P < 0.05), while the blood flow of the liver lower than that in group D (P < 0.05), and with no significant differences in all above measurements between group E and group F (all P > 0. 05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Electroacupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST 36) can promote hepatic blood flow, inhibit lipid peroxidation and alleviate hepatic edema and dysfunction in septic rats, which might be related with the completeness of cranial nerve.</p>

Progresses of studies on disease factors influencing the therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on bronchial asthma / 中国针灸

The authors preliminarily analyze and compare influence of different stages of attack and remission, different syndrome types, and age of the patient, duration of illness, state of illness on the therapeutic effects of acupuncture and moxibustion for treatment of bronchial asthma by analysis and summarization of 381 clinical papers about acupuncture and moxibustion treatment of bronchial asthma. It is found that most studies hold that acupuncture has better therapeutic effect on asthma at acute stage, and moxibustion has a better effect at the remission stage. Acupuncture and moxibustion have a better effect on cold asthma than hot asthma, and the shorter the course of disease and the younger, the better the effect, conversely, the effect is worse. Mild asthma is the main indication of acupuncture and moxibustion, but considerable more clinical studies show that above factors have no obvious influence on the therapeutic effect, even show contrary to this result. It is indicated that in the studies from now on, only strictly design and fully consider the effects of various factors, can scientifically reveal various disease factors influencing therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on bronchial asthma, and expound the indications of different acupuncture and moxibustion methods for treatment of bronchial asthma.

Brief talk about the main cultural quintessence and diagnostic and therapeutic techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion protection / 中国针灸

Acupuncture and moxibustion are a distinctive therapy created by ancient working people of our country, with a long history. Medical practices of long-term form the theories about channels and collaterals, acupoints and indications of acupoints and produce a series of therapeutic methods, such as Ziwu Liuzhu method, filiform needle needling method, moxibustion, scrapping therapy, cupping therapy and Qigong therapy. These distinctive traditional therapeutic ways play great roles in prevention and treatment of diseases in the Chinese nation. The authors expound culture concept and origins of history culture, and facing problems and challenge of above-mentioned theories and therapeutic methods and hold that main culture quintessence and diagnostic and therapeutic techniques of acupuncture and moxibustion very need to be inherited, protected and further sorted out and studied.

Effect of absorption enhancers on nasal ginsenoside Rg1 delivery and its nasal ciliotoxicity / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>The enhancing activity and safety of several absorption enhancers were evaluated as potential nasal absorption enhancers to increase intranasal absorption of ginsenoside Rg1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nasal circulatory perfusion test in vivo had been employed to investigate the effect of absorption enhancers for nasal mucosa absorption of ginsenoside Rgl in rats. The safety of the absorption enhancers were evaluated by testing cilia movement of the in situ toad palate model, the hemolysis of erythrocyte membrane of the rabbit, leaching of protein and LDH from the mice nasal mucosa and the effect on cilia structural and specific cellular changes of nasal mucosa.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Absorption enhancers were necessary to facilitate ginsenoside Rg1 absorption by nasal mucosa. Among the absorption enhancers 1% sodium deoxycholate had great effect to facilite ginsenoside Rgl absorption by nasal mucosa; 1% dipotassium glycyrrhizinate and 1% azone had moderate effect to facilitate ginsenoside Rg1 absorption by nasal mucosa; 1% Tween-80, 2% beta-cyclodextrin, 0.5% borneol (dissolved in paraffin liquid), 0.5% chitosan, 5% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and 0.1% EDTA had low effect to facilitate ginsenoside Rgl absorption by nasal mucosa. 1% sodium deoxycholate, 1% azone and 1% dipotassium glycyrrhizinate had serious nasal toxicity; 1% Tween-80, 2% beta-cyclodextrin, 5% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin had moderate nasal toxicity; 0.5% borneol (dissolved in paraffin liquid), 0.5% chitosan and 0.1% EDTA have little nasal toxicity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>0.5% borneol and 0.5% chitosan were the promising candidates having a good balance between enhancing activity and safety for nasal ginsenoside Rg1 delivery.</p>

The expression of 11 cancer/testis (CT) antigen genes in esophageal carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression status of 11 different cancer/testis (CT) antigen genes in esophageal carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Esophageal carcinoma tissue and adjacent normal esophageal mucosa taken from 35 esophageal carcinoma patients were assayed for the expression of 11 different CT antigen genes by RT-PCR techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 11 CT antigen genes analyzed, none of them was expressed in normal esophageal mucosa. MAGE-3 was found to be the most frequently expressed in esophageal carcinoma tissues (62.9%), followed, in the order of expression frequency, by MAGE4 (31.4%), LAGE-1 (28.6%), MAGE-1 (25.7%), CT10 (20.0%), NY-ESO-1 (20.0%), CT7 (5.7%) and SCP1 (2.9%). No expression of SSX-1, SSX-2 and SSX-4 was found. Among the 35 cases, 28 (80.0%) expressed at least one CT antigen gene, 21 (60.0%) expressed more than 2 CT antigen genes, and 4 of the 21 (19.0%) expressed more than 4 CT antigens, which accounted for 11.4% of total number of patients (4/35). No CT antigen expression was found in the tumor tissue in 7 cases, including 5 cases in stage II and 1 case each in stage I and IV, respectively. Of the 11 CT genes examined, expression of 5 genes (NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, MAGE-1, MAGE-3 and MAGE-4) was correlated with tumor progression. SCP-1 and CT10 expression was found more frequently in early stage patients. With progression of the disease, the frequency of co-expression of multiple CT antigen genes was significantly increased reaching 28.6% in stage III patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Of the 11 different CT antigen genes examined by RT-PCR in esophageal carcinoma, 8 genes were detected in various frequencies in 28 of the 35 esophageal cancer patients studied. They are candidate tumor-associated antigens in the preparation of tumor vaccines for immunotherapy in esophageal cancer patients.</p>